• Negative ED experiences in the past may make them guarded or mistrustful.
• Pain can make anyone irritable, impatient, or upset.
• Empathetic nonverbal communication is essential (eye contact, facial expressions, gestures).
• Be patient when asking questions; it is often difficult to speak when in severe pain.
• Assign an emergent priority ( e.g., ESI level 2).
• Severe pain that cannot be managed in the waiting room.
• High-risk situation that needs rapid evaluation for other serious complications.
• Increase level of concern if the pain is not similar to prior episodes or new symptoms are present.
• Patients with more than 3 admissions/years for sickle cell pain are at increased risk of death.
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